Pollution Effect and Effluent Discharge on Soil Physico-chemical Properties around Cement Factories in Tamil Nadu, India

Research Article

Abstract

Cement industry activities generate significant particulate matter, leading to heavy metal accumulation in soil, deterioration of soil health, and subsequent reductions in crop yield. This study investigates the pollution effects of two major cement factories in Tamil Nadu, India, by assessing soil contamination and effluent discharge at varying distances from the plants (0–750m, 750–2000m, and 2000–3000m). Soil and effluent samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Cr, Pb, Zn) and key physico-chemical properties, including total nitrogen (TN), organic carbon (OC), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), pH, moisture content, soil texture, bulk density, sulfate-sulfur (SO₄-S), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Heavy metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), and data were statistically evaluated using one-way ANOVA. Results indicate a marked increase in soil pH and bulk density near cement factories, accompanied by declining moisture content, organic carbon, and nitrogen levels, which may hinder soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Additionally, effluent analysis revealed excessive levels of Cu, Mn, and Cr, surpassing FAO safety limits, rendering it unsuitable for irrigation and posing potential risks to groundwater contamination. The study underscores the urgent need for stringent pollution control measures and sustainable waste management strategies in cement industries to mitigate their adverse environmental impacts and protect agricultural ecosystems.